Food Culture free essay sample

Or do the potential dangers involved in the new technology pose too great a risk? * Supporters of GM foods say:  GM crops are the logical next step in agriculture, and they have never been proven to be harmful to human beings. The next generation of GM crops could produce health benefitssuch as vegetables with extra vitamins or fruit containing important vaccines and antibioticsthat would be immensely helpful to developing countries. * Critics of GM foods say:  Interfering with the genes of plants could disturb entire ecosystems and result in unintended environmental and health consequences. Also, because the plight of developing nations is the result of far broader issues of social injustice, no amount of GM food could truly fix the problems there. Genetically modified (GM) food has become so common in the U. S. that most people do not even know when they are consuming it. But it is widely estimated that up to 70% of all processed food in U. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. supermarkets contain ingredients that have been altered at the genetic level. GM ingredients can be found in certain brands of peanut butter, potato chips and margarine, among many other types of food. GM foodsalso referred to as genetically engineered foodsare created when an organisms deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is the molecular basis for heredity in most living things, is altered in some way. Agricultural biologists can modify existing genes, transplant genes from one organisms DNA into anothers or even synthesize entirely new structures and insert them into a plants DNA. Although the alteration of genes is a fairly new technology, scientists have already invented a variety of new organisms, such as coffee beans that do not contain caffeine and onions that can be chopped without inducing tears. See 1999  Genetically Engineered Food] Nearly all GM foods on the market, however, come from just four types of crops: corn, cotton, canola and soybeans. Those plants are altered so that they produce their own insecticide, for example, or become immune to particular brands of pesticides. Since 1996, when the first GM soybean was introduced, the use of GM crops in the U. S. has increased at an incredible rate. But because the technology behind GM foods is relatively new, many fear that there has not been enough testing to prove that it is completely risk-free. Europeans, for example, have been highly skeptical of any benefits they might gain from GM foods. Many nations in the European Union (EU) have effectively banned imports of what they refer to as Frankenfoods, a reference to the famous story of the fictional monster assembled by Dr. Frankenstein from miscellaneous spare parts. The U. S claims that the EUs anti-GM food policy violates free trade laws. Many questions remain regarding the future of GM foods. Should they continue to be sold in the U. S. , even though they may have unforeseen negative consequences? Or should the U. S. take a cue from the EU and limit the selling of GM foods until they are unequivocally proven to be risk-free? Do the possible future health benefits of GM foodssuch as fruits and vegetables with extra vitamins and vaccines built into their DNAcancel out any potential risks that the new technology brings? Supporters of GM foods say that since there has been no evidence of GM foods harming humans, it is reasonable to assume that they are safe for consumption. GM food backers denounce criticism of genetic engineering as fear-mongering. Besides, they argue, no new technology is without a certain degree of risk. GM food supporters believe that the possible health benefits of GM foods overwhelm any possible dangers. Supporters of biotech crops also maintain that if GM food technology is allowed to develop, it may prove to be instrumental in eliminating world hunger. Future GM foods could be fortified with increased nutrients, which would make it easier for people in impoverished nations to enjoy a healthy diet, supporters say. Opponents of GM foods, however, argue that the idea that global hunger could be eliminated by biotech crops is deceptive. They maintain that since hunger is caused mostly by poverty, GM foods would not be an adequate long-term solution to the problem. GM food critics say that the notion that biotech crops can end hunger is merely a public-relations stunt crafted to rally public support for the new technology. Critics of GM foods also point to several studies indicating that rats, when fed a diet of GM vegetables, develop serious health problems. Because the technology behind GM foods is so new, opponents argue, there is no way of knowing how it will affect the health of consumers. Critics further contend that introducing genetically altered plant life into stable ecosystems could alter the fragile biosphere in ways no one can accurately predict. The Development of Agricultural Biotechnology In February 1953, Francis Crick, a British biophysicist, entered a pub in Cambridge, England, and announced, We have discovered the secret of life! Crick and his partner, the Chicago-born geneticist James Watson, were celebrating because they had just established that the physical structure of DNA follows a double helix pattern, which is a geometric shape resembling a twisted ladder. The genetic information of any given organism is coded within its DNA as a sequence of nucleotides, which form the rungs of the double helix. Building upon that discovery, another pair of scientists, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer, created the first-ever transgenic organism in 1973. Cohen and Boyer used a special restriction enzyme to cut out a specific gene sequence from a toads DNA. They then pasted the genes into the DNA of an  Escherichia coli  (E. coli) bacterium. As the bacterium reproduced, Cohen and Boyer observed that each successive generation contained the same toad gene that they had originally spliced into the  E. oliDNA. The success of Cohen and Boyers experiment helped to lay the groundwork for all future developments in the field of genetic engineering. In 1977, scientists discovered that the bacterium  Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which ordinarily causes a type of cancer in plants, could be manipulated to carry beneficial types of genes into plant cells. Biologists, who at this point were learning how to create new gene sequences from scratch, replaced the tumor-causing genes in  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  with synthetic genes that protect plants from drought or pestilence. When scientists exposed plants to those modified bacteria, some of those plants began to exhibit the desirable characteristics without developing any of the cancerous tumors. The field of agricultural biotechnology expanded rapidly after that breakthrough. In the early 1980s, researchers developed new methods of transferring genes into plant cells. One such method involves a piece of machinery called the Biolistic Particle Delivery System, also known as the gene gun. The gene gun fires minuscule gold pellets, coated in genetic material, through plant tissue. In theory, as the bullets pass through the tissue, they leave behind their foreign genes, which eventually work their way into the plants DNA. Like the  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  method, however, the gene gun technique has a relatively low success rate. Scientists say that does not matter; because of the rapid rate at which cells multiply, one successful gene transfer could create entire fields of modified plants. The first genetically altered plant was developed in 1983. Luis Herrera-Estrella, a Mexican scientist, used the  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  method to insert antibiotics into a tobacco plants genetic structure. However, it would take more than 10 years until a GM food was commercially available in the U. S. Throughout the 1980s, scientists working for large biotechnology companies such as Monsanto Co. and DuPont Co. continued developing new GM crops, but none of those crops reached U. S. consumers because they lacked approval from any regulatory bodies. In May 1992, that all changed. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) declared that GM foods did not differ fundamentally from non-GM foods, and could therefore be sold without government regulation. The FDAs policy statement also assigned responsibility to the biotechnology companies for any potential health hazards resulting from their GM foods. Yet despite that landmark statement, biotechnology companies, seeking to allay public concern, submitted their foods for FDA approval anyway. In 1994, the Flavr Savr tomato, developed by Calgene Inc. to maintain a longer shelf life, became the first GM crop to receive FDA approval. The tomato sold well initially, but due in part to high development costs and dwindling sales, it was discontinued in 1997. During that same year, Monsanto absorbed cash-poor Calgene into its ever-expanding biotech empire. The Rapid Expansion of GM Crops Monsanto, based in St. Louis, Mo. , was formed in 1901 as a manufacturer of saccharine, an artificial sweetener. Over the course of the 20th century, it evolved into an agricultural chemical company, creating and marketing popular weed-killing herbicides such as Lasso, Ramrod and Roundup. Monsanto shifted its focus from chemicals to biotechnology in 1981. In 1996, the company introduced a genetically modified soybean that was immune to glyphosate, the primary active ingredient in Roundup herbicide. Farmers who planted that soybean could spray their entire fields with Roundup, killing all the weeds but leaving the crop unharmed. The Roundup Ready soybean, as Monsanto calls it, was later joined by similarly modified strains of corn and canola. The introduction of Roundup Ready crops helped to spark a global explosion in the GM food market. Today, nearly 200 million acres of GM crops have been planted worldwide, up from 4. million acres in 1996, according to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications. Roughly 120 million acres of GM crops are found in the U. S. alone, with Monsanto representing a significant percentage of that acreage. Nearly 90% of the GM soy, canola and cotton grown in the U. S. , for example, originates from Monsantos labs. Most GM crops have been modified to be either herbicide- or insect-resistant. Herbicide-resistant plantssuch as Monsantos Roundup Ready lineare immune to the weed-killing chemicals found in commercial herbicides. Insect-resistant crops are modified to create a bacterium,  Bacillus thuringiensis  (Bt), that is naturally toxic to several harmful species of insects, such as the pink bollworm and the tobacco budworm. Because the plants themselves are poisonous to insects, farmers do not need to spray their crops with pesticides, which harm the environment. Biotechnicians also say modifications like those lead to more efficient farming and, in turn, result in higher crop yields. In the future, scientists say, crops will be modified to perform a host of beneficial biological duties. Second-generation GM crops will be more nutritious and more flavorful, stay ripe longer, and resist drought conditions, they say. Some involved in the marketing of GM crops predict that in the near future, vaccines for diseases such as polio and typhoid will be delivered to developing nations in vegetables such as tomatoes and corn. One GM crop with enormous medical potential is so-called golden rice. That GM rice contains increased levels of beta-carotene, which the human body converts into vitamin A. Golden rice was first developed by scientists in Switzerland in 2000 and was perfected by British scientists in March 2005. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), as many as 500,000 children go blind yearly due to a lack of vitamin A. Some biotechnicians believe that golden rice, which has not yet been made available to consumers, could eliminate such cases of blindness. Many consumers remain skeptical about GM crops, however, and several regulatory miscues have done little to reassure them. In 2000, for example, a batch of StarLink corn, a type of GM corn that had not been approved for human consumption, appeared in processed food products such as taco shells. Several people who ate the taco shells sustained allergic reactions, which some experts said were directly related to the StarLink corn. Many products were recalled, and consumer confidence in GM corn was drastically reduced. GM corn was back in the headlines in 2005. The Swiss biotech company Syngenta AG alerted the U. S. in December 2004 that it had been accidentally distributing an experimental, unapproved strain of insect-resistant GM corn since 2001. Representatives from Syngenta told regulators that this particular strain, known as Bt 10, was very similar to an approved and widely distributed strain of corn, Bt 11. Still, Syngenta issued a statement in March 2005 saying that all Bt 10 corn and unused Bt 10 seeds had been destroyed or isolated. Then, in May 2005, the British newspaper the  Independent  reported that a secret study carried out by Monsanto showed that rats developed blood and kidney abnormalities after eating a diet of MON 863, a strain of GM corn created by Monsanto. Those abnormalities indicated to doctors that either the rats immune systems were weakening or their bodies were making certain biological adjustments necessary to fight tumors. In a statement, Monsanto defended its product, saying that the rat study had been submitted to regulatory bodies such as the European Food Safety Authority, which went on to approve the sale of the corn. MON 863 is also planted and sold in both the U. S. and Canada. In some cases, Monsanto has discontinued certain kinds of its GM crops. For example, Monsanto halted production of its insect-resistant GM potato in 2001 and its Roundup Ready GM wheat in 2004. In both instances, Monsanto issued a statement saying it was simply trying to concentrate on other crops, and that GM wheat and GM potato production would eventually be resumed. But some people involved in the anti-GM movement say lack of confidence in GM technologyby both consumers and farmersweighed heavily on Monsantos decision to discontinue each product. GM Food Policy in the U. S. and Europe GM foods have become a fact of life in the U. S. Although the only GM whole food widely available in the U. S. is a strain of virus-resistant papaya, roughly 70% of all processed foods purchased in U. S. supermarkets contain GM ingredients. That is mostly due to the prevalence of GM corn and soy, which are used to make common additives such as lecithin and corn syrup. Although most Americans consume GM foods on a regular basis, a significant portion have expressed skepticism about them. For example, an ABC News poll conducted in 2003 found that 55% of respondents would be less likely to buy a food if they knew it had been genetically modified. Still, U. S. consumers have proven to be less outspokenly anti-GM than their counterparts in the EU, and it is far easier to find food containing GM ingredients in U. S. stores than it is in Europe. Some experts believe that one of the reasons the GM food industry has made such headway in the U. S. s because Monsanto, the countrys leading agriculture-chemical company, has spent millions of dollars lobbying Congress and the White House. In 1997, at the dawn of the GM revolution, Monsanto spent $4 million persuading President Bill Clinton (D, 1993-2001) and his administration to pressure the EU into accepting Monsantos GM grain. That same year, Monsanto welcomed Mickey Kantor, a former Clinton aide, onto its board of directors. Some opponents of GM foods believe that this political influence has reaped many benefits for Monsanto, including the ongoing lack of labeling laws for GM foods sold in the U. S. See 2005  Labeling Genetically Modified Foods (sidebar)] In the EU, on the other hand, 54% of European citizens surveyed said they would never accept GM foods, and 31% would accept them only if they were highly regulated. Experts say that European skepticism about GM foods can be traced to several sensational food crises that erupted in the late 1990s, such as a mad cow disease scare in England and the discovery of chickens tainted with the toxic chemical dioxin in Belgium. Although neither of those incidents was related to genetic engineering, many believe they made Europeans nervous about the idea of GM foods. In 1999, the influential British medical journal the  Lancet  published a controversial study by the biochemist Arpad Pustzai. The study concluded that rats who were fed GM potatoes developed stomach ailments and weakened immune systems. The study touched off an immense controversy in Europe; some claimed that Pustzais research was scientifically unsound, while others accused Pustzais detractors of engaging in smear tactics. As a result of Pustzais study, the mad cow scare, and other incidents, public opinion of GM foods in the EU is extremely low. Consequently, the EUs bureaucratic process for approving GM foods is arguably the strictest in the world, says Simon Barber of the European Association for Bioindustries. The EUs GM food labeling laws are widely seen as the worlds toughest, and in five EU member countriesFrance, Germany, Luxembourg, Greece and Austriait is illegal to plant certain GM crops. That hard-line stance has angered leading GM food exporters. In April 2004, the U. S. , Canada and Argentinathe worlds three leading producers of biotech cropsasked the World Trade Organization (WTO) to review the EUs anti-GM food policy. The three countries say that the EUs stance violates free trade laws, because many European nations will not accept food imports unless they are specifically labeled as non-GM. The WTO is scheduled to present a preliminary decision on the GM food case in August 2005. There have been some signs that the EU is succumbing to that pressure. In May 2004, the European Commission, the executive body of the EU, lifted an unofficial six-year moratorium on the sale of GM foods when it voted to approve the sale of Syngentas Bt 11 corn to consumers. The move was criticized by environmental advocacy groups such as Greenpeace, a nonprofit international coalition of environmentalists. By overturning the unofficial ban, the European Commission chose to defend U. S. farmers and narrow agro-business interests, says Eric Gall of Greenpeace. Still, most EU member countries will not accept imports of GM foods. GM Food Supporters Embrace New Technology Supporters of GM foods point to a plethora of health benefits that could develop if the technology is allowed to advance. In the near future, supporters say, GM foods could be capable of delivering crucial vaccines and vitamins to massive amounts of people. Furthermore, they say, crops could also be modified to withstand harsh climate conditions, thereby ensuring that every growing season is a productive one. The Competitive Enterprise Institute, a corporately financed nonprofit think tank, points out that current insect-resistant GM crops help the environment by eliminating the need for spraying dangerous pesticides, which can pollute waterways. Advocates of biotech food also maintain that there have been no reported instances of humans suffering any ill effects from eating GM crops. If GM foods were bad for you, supporters ask, why have no widespread health crises been reported in the U. S. , where GM corn, soy, cotton and canola are ubiquitous? Supporters also note that the American Medical Association, the National Academy of Sciences, the World Health Organization, the Institute of Food Technologists and the United Nations have all determined that GM foods are not fundamentally different from non-GM foods. Responding to critics charges that biotech foods should not be sold until they have been proven, unequivocally, to be completely free from risk, GM food supporters maintain that there is no such thing as a risk-free new technology. Such thinking is unrealistic and unwise, writes Norman Borlaugh, a professor of international agriculture at Texas Aamp;M University in College Station. Indeed, he writes, zero biological risk is not even attainable. The nonpartisan Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) has also accepted GM foods as a viable technology with huge potential benefits. Gregory Jaffe, the director of CSPIs biotechnology project, says that there is a risk involved in GM foods, but, if scrutinized, nearly anything could be said to have a risk factor. If you did a risk assessment for a peanut today, he says, it would not necessarily be approved. Another common argument made by GM food backers is that biotechnology is simply a refinement of a processthe introduction of genes into preexisting organismsthat occurs in nature on a daily basis. A Brief Biotech Timeline found on Monsantos British Web site, for example, starts from thousands of years ago, when people first began using bacteria to make beer and bread, and includes Gregor Mendels mid-19th-century studies of plant genetics, which proved that plants passed down physical characteristics to successive generations through their genes. Scientists have used Mendels discoveries to crossbreed plants, creating a variety of plant hybrids with desirable traits. GM food supporters say that new technologieslike the gene gun and the use of  Agrobacterium tumefaciensare simply an extension of hybridization. Many supporters also point out that GM crops could prove to be a boon to developing nations that cannot adequately provide their people with food. In its report to the international community on GM crops, which was released in May 2004, the U. N. said that GM foods, with their possibility for greater crop yields and added vitamins, represent one of the best chances the world has of eliminating global hunger. Some supporters of GM food technology have expressed frustration that activists are protesting something that could become a major weapon in the worldwide fight against malnourishment and poverty. Proponents of GM foods say that those who protest biotechnology companies like Monsanto should look at the potential health benefits that GM crops could provide, particularly to poverty-stricken developing countries. Opposition to GM foods amounts to nothing more than horror at the thought of change [and] romantic rhapsodizing about the virtues of traditional life, writes  New York Times  columnist Paul Krugman. Too bad that the wretched of the earth will, as usual, pay for the fantasies of the affluent. Critics Warn of Potential Health Consequences Opponents of GM crops say that the technology is still too new and untested to be so prevalent in the marketplace. They contend that altering an organisms genes is in no way an update of nature. In nature, when would a pesticide-producing bacterium [interbreed] with a potato? writes Liane Casten, president of Chicago Media Watch, a nonprofit organization. Critics point to instances where unmodified plants have become contaminated by nearby GM crops. In 2004, for instance, experiments concluded that a strain of Monsantos Roundup Ready grass spread its genetically altered pollen into fields as far as 13 miles away. Many environmentalists say they fear that once GM crops are planted, the modified genes they carry will be irretrievably integrated into the ecosystem. Any unintended negative side effects that may develop as a result of those modified genes would become part of the agricultural landscape for good, they warn. Some organic farmers, who pride themselves on their nonuse of pesticides and insecticides, warn that GM foods could make organic farming impossible. Organic farmers who grow fruit and vegetables near fields of GM crops fear that their own crops could become contaminated by altered genes, effectively ruining their plants organic status. This is a situation where if you adopt a technology, it could ruin my livelihood, says Theresa Podoll, executive director of the Northern Plains Sustainable Agriculture Society, an organic farming group. GM food opponents also maintain that the relatively new field of biotechnology has not been properly tested for potential health hazards. The FDAs process for approving GM foods is far too lenient, critics say. The FDA approves GM foods for public consumption simply by comparing the nutritional content of GM and non-GM foods, and checking a database of known allergens, write Kirsten Schwind and Hollace Poole-Kavana of the Institute for Food and Development Policy, an anti-hunger think tank. According to the logic of the FDA, we are the guinea pigs. Another concern critics have with the proliferation of GM foods is that it will lead to an increasingly centralized agricultural industry. Large multinational corporations like Monsanto stand to profit most from GM technology, while small farmersparticularly those trying to grow organic foodface nearly insurmountable odds just to keep their farms afloat, opponents say. Critics also express distaste at the idea of a small handful of major companies controlling what the nation eats. We cant let the multinational corporations hand everything to us, says Sam Cantrell, president of Maysies Farm Conservation Center, a nonprofit organization dedicated to ecologically sustainable agriculture methods. Such critics argue that the profit-at-all-costs attitude of huge corporations is diametrically opposed to what the goal of the agriculture industry should be: to produce healthy, safe food using environmentally responsible growing techniques. Furthermore, the claim that GM foods could help to end world hunger is unfounded, critics say. They point out that world hunger is caused by deep-rooted social injustices. Hunger is caused by a lack of access to basic human rights, including good education, health care, housing and living wagesin the United States and throughout the world, Schwind and Poole-Kavana write. Hunger is also caused by racism and inequality. GM crops fundamentally cannot end hunger because hunger isnt caused by a lack of food. Some opponents of GM foods question biotechnology companies commitment to ending world hunger. Jared Diamond, a professor of physiology and geography at the University of California at Los Angeles, argues that if GM food corporations truly cared about aiding the developing world, they would create GM foods more suitable to warmer climates, such as cassava, millet and sorghum. Other critics have suggested that GM food companies are cynically cultivating the idea that genetically altered food can end world hunger in order to rally support for their cause. There are plenty of other safe, more economical ways to bring food to the starving, Casten writes. But those ways dont make fortunes for biotech CEOs or result in big campaign contributions for politicians. Will GM Foods Prove to Be Safe? In June 2005, the Biotechnology Industry Organization, a trade organization of biotechnology companies that includes Monsanto, held its annual convention in Philadelphia, Pa. Nearly 19,000 members of the biotech industry attended the convention, while a counterconvention of GM food protesters called BioDemocracy, at a nearby park attracted just 1,200 people. The relative paucity of protesters speaks to the lack of public outcry over GM foods in the U. S. as compared with Europe, where a lack of popular support for genetically engineered crops has effectively shut them out of supermarkets in the EU. A GM-organism label in Paris or Berlin might as well be a skull-and-crossbones, writes John Feffer in the  American Prospect. The U. S. ontinues to lock horns with the EU in a bitter trade dispute over GM food imports. Meanwhile, in the U. S. , the average consumer eats GM foods several times a day in products such as breakfast cereal, salad dressing and cookies. Although many polls suggest that a majority of Americans would like to see labels affixed to food that has been genetically engineered, food companies are not required to do so in the U. S. Supporters of GM foods say that such labels would be pointless; after all, like the FDA, supporters do not consider GM foods to be different from non-GM foods in any fundamental way.

Giorgio Armani “Acqua di Gio” Campaign Analysis

Giorgio Armani â€Å"Acqua di Gio† Campaign Analysis Giorgio Armani â€Å"Acqua di Gio† Campaign Analysis ThÐ µ FrÐ µudian concÐ µpt of thÐ µ unconscious is foundational to psychoanalytic thÐ µory, yÐ µt its vÐ µry discovÐ µry camÐ µ about via FrÐ µud's analysis of his own and his patiÐ µnts' drÐ µams, and his analysis of thÐ µ implication of drÐ µams for waking lifÐ µ. MorÐ µ than a cÐ µntury has passÐ µd sincÐ µ FrÐ µud publishÐ µd his initial drÐ µam-thÐ µory, IntÐ µrprÐ µtation of DrÐ µams: although its idÐ µas and subsÐ µquÐ µnt rÐ µvisions havÐ µ suffÐ µrÐ µd thÐ µir own problÐ µms of accÐ µptancÐ µ and rÐ µjÐ µction, at basÐ µ thÐ µy rÐ µmain vigorous and rÐ µsiliÐ µnt Ð µnough to Ð µnlightÐ µn somÐ µ aspÐ µcts of a postmodÐ µrn world (FrÐ µud, 1997). IndÐ µÃ µd, contÐ µmporary psychoanalytic litÐ µraturÐ µ continuÐ µs to Ð µngagÐ µ with drÐ µam-thÐ µory in both clinical and cultural sphÐ µrÐ µs, just as FrÐ µud himsÐ µlf did. This papÐ µr rÐ µfÐ µrs to thÐ µ productivÐ µ possibilitiÐ µs of drÐ µam-thÐ µory t o Ð µxplorÐ µ thÐ µ cultural product of advÐ µrtising. ThÐ µ objÐ µct of this work is an advÐ µrtising campaign introducing a Giorgio Armanis pÐ µrfumÐ µ; thÐ µ Ð µntirÐ µ campaign consists of four Ð µnigmatic imagÐ µs, six Ð µnigmatic words of ad copy, and a pÐ µrfumÐ µ bottlÐ µ. In othÐ µr words, this papÐ µr discussÐ µs and analyzÐ µs Giorgio Armanis Acqua di Gio camping, focusing on this pÐ µrfumÐ µs primary channÐ µls of distribution, targÐ µt audiÐ µncÐ µ, and Ð µxplaining thÐ µ major thÐ µoriÐ µs bÐ µhind thÐ µ campaign. As FrÐ µud instructs in his work, it is advisablÐ µ... to dividÐ µ a drÐ µam into its Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts and to find thÐ µ associatioas attaching to ... fragmÐ µnts sÐ µparatÐ µly, ThÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ, it is important to takÐ µ Ð µach imagÐ µ from thÐ µ Aqua di Gio campaign and analyzÐ µ its pÐ µrsuasivÐ µ powÐ µr and influÐ µncÐ µ on thÐ µ consumÐ µrs mind. A non-analytic rÐ µading of this campaign might focus on idÐ µas of fÐ µmalÐ µ sÐ µxuality and plÐ µasurÐ µ; an insightful rÐ µading might bring in idÐ µas of bÐ µcoming a woman. In thÐ µ first ad (FigurÐ µ 1), thÐ µ visual rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntation shows us only part of thÐ µ woman's facÐ µ: a word that might lÐ µad to thÐ µ associatÐ µd word unwholÐ µsomÐ µ which might lÐ µad furthÐ µr to thÐ µ associatÐ µd idÐ µa that thÐ µ woman is undÐ µsirablÐ µ. This liÐ µs in dirÐ µct opposition to thÐ µ othÐ µr Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts of thÐ µ ad, which arÐ µ concÐ µrnÐ µd with nothing but dÐ µsirÐ µ, condÐ µnsÐ µd into both a writtÐ µn word and thÐ µ woman's gazÐ µ. Is this hÐ µr dÐ µsirÐ µ, or that of anothÐ µr? Is thÐ µ dÐ µsirÐ µ as ovÐ µrt as thÐ µ gazÐ µ, or is it pushÐ µd down (rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd, unconscious) and insignificant, as thÐ µ word itsÐ µlf appÐ µars pushÐ µd down and insignificant? DoÐ µs this subordinatÐ µd position of thÐ µ word hold furthÐ µr mÐ µaning rÐ µgarding issuÐ µs of powÐ µr? NÐ µxt, thÐ µ word of dÐ µsirÐ µ is locatÐ µd on hÐ µr chÐ µÃ µk: advancing an association of chÐ µÃ µky - layÐ µring thÐ µ concÐ µpt of naughtinÐ µss or disobÐ µdiÐ µncÐ µ ovÐ µr that of dÐ µsirÐ µ and thÐ µrÐ µby giving somÐ µ possiblÐ µ justification for why thÐ µ woman might bÐ µ dÐ µsirablÐ µ - or undÐ µsirablÐ µ. ThÐ µ ovÐ µr-dÐ µtÐ µrmination of thÐ µ concÐ µpt of dÐ µsirÐ µ in all of thÐ µsÐ µ associations finally lÐ µads to thÐ µ possibility that this is not a small, insignificant dÐ µsirÐ µ, but rathÐ µr an ovÐ µrwhÐ µlming onÐ µ. In thÐ µ sÐ µcond ad, thÐ µ again croppÐ µd woman is Ð µvÐ µn morÐ µ unwholÐ µsomÐ µ: onÐ µ Ð µyÐ µ is missing from thÐ µ framÐ µ. Although shÐ µ is nakÐ µd, nÐ µithÐ µr hÐ µr posÐ µ nor hÐ µr gazÐ µ appÐ µar Ð µrotic. This lack of sÐ µxuality is supportÐ µd by thÐ µ loss of thÐ µ Ð µyÐ µ; a rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntation of blindnÐ µss that FrÐ µud tÐ µlls us symbolizÐ µs OÐ µdipal castration. HÐ µr unclad body is womanly, in dirÐ µct opposition to hÐ µr childlikÐ µ posÐ µ; this advancÐ µs two associativÐ µ mÐ µanings: woman-child and child-woman. HÐ µr posturÐ µ might indicatÐ µ a fÐ µÃ µling of fÐ µar, but also involvÐ µs somÐ µ Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnt of sÐ µlf-soothing, as if shÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ fÐ µÃ µling sad or abandonÐ µd. According to thÐ µ FrÐ µudian framÐ µwork, thÐ µ assumption must bÐ µ that all of thÐ µsÐ µ Ð µmotions arÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µnt. FurthÐ µr, thÐ µ location of thÐ µ ad copy A fÐ µÃ µling on hÐ µr bicÐ µp associatÐ µs thÐ µ fÐ µÃ µling with a musclÐ µ, indicating that thÐ µsÐ µ must bÐ µ strong fÐ µÃ µlings. YÐ µt whilÐ µ our attÐ µntion is on this musclÐ µ wÐ µ noticÐ µ it is slÐ µndÐ µr and undÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd in appÐ µarancÐ µ; wÐ µ must now add thÐ µ opposing association of wÐ µaknÐ µss as wÐ µll. ThÐ µ sÐ µlf-holding posÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µnts a furthÐ µr association of inhibition, which lÐ µads us in still furthÐ µr dirÐ µctions: sÐ µxual inhibition, and (sÐ µlf) inhibition of movÐ µmÐ µnt, a drÐ µam-symbol rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnting a conflict of will. What forcÐ µs of will arÐ µ in opposition hÐ µrÐ µ? Two idÐ µas arÐ µ callÐ µd into mind: inhibition vs. sÐ µxuality, and thÐ µ woman vs. thÐ µ child. ThÐ µ third ad (FigurÐ µ 3) is rich with sÐ µxual drÐ µam symbolism ThÐ µ young woman walks away from thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr into an undulating sÐ µa, arms hanging loosÐ µly at hÐ µr sidÐ µs, fingÐ µrtips brushing thÐ µ watÐ µr's surfacÐ µ, which is at an optimal lÐ µvÐ µl to pÐ µnÐ µtratÐ µ hÐ µr sÐ µxually. RÐ µcalling that watÐ µr in drÐ µam is oftÐ µn rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntativÐ µ of malÐ µ sÐ µmÐ µn, and that thÐ µ pÐ µrfumÐ µ bottlÐ µ can stand as a symbol of thÐ µ fÐ µmalÐ µ gÐ µnitals, thÐ µ kÐ µy association hÐ µrÐ µ is that of sÐ µxual intÐ µrcoursÐ µ. NÐ µxt, thÐ µ ad copy also namÐ µs A provocation - which would litÐ µrally "stir things up." ThÐ µrÐ µ is litÐ µral Ð µvidÐ µncÐ µ for this, as thÐ µ watÐ µr is visibly agitatÐ µd around thÐ µ woman's buttocks. ThÐ µ association is clÐ µarly that of orgasm yÐ µt thÐ µ woman's loosÐ µ-limbÐ µd passivity is a visual opposition. ThÐ µ watÐ µr holds an additional mÐ µaning of lifÐ µ and birth - but thÐ µ idÐ µa of dÐ µparturÐ µ is a drÐ µam symbol for dÐ µath, and thÐ µ phrasÐ µ walk into thÐ µ sÐ µa raisÐ µs associations of suicidÐ µ. ThÐ µ associations of a strong conflict bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn sÐ µx and lifÐ µ/dÐ µath arÐ µ strong. ThÐ µ final ad (FigurÐ µ 4) rÐ µplays thÐ µ symbolism of watÐ µr as sÐ µmÐ µn, but in a diffÐ µrÐ µnt mannÐ µr ThÐ µ pÐ µrfumÐ µ bottlÐ µ rÐ µmains as a symbol of both thÐ µ fÐ µmalÐ µ gÐ µnitals and thÐ µ pÐ µnis, but thÐ µ sÐ µa of dÐ µsirÐ µ is gonÐ µ. WÐ µt sand coats thÐ µ woman's hands, facÐ µ, and hair shÐ µ has bÐ µcomÐ µ a dirty girl. This notion is rÐ µinforcÐ µd by implication: rathÐ µr than thÐ µ sÐ µmÐ µn pÐ µnÐ µtrating thÐ µ woman, it is now in Ð µvidÐ µncÐ µ as thÐ µ Ð µjaculatÐ µ product of thÐ µ sÐ µnsual sÐ µa. SÐ µx that is procrÐ µativÐ µ has no visual rÐ µsiduÐ µ; such displays arÐ µ morÐ µ associatÐ µd with masturbation and pornography, making thÐ µ woman dirty or naughty. ThÐ µ masturbatory association is furthÐ µr rÐ µinforcÐ µd bv thÐ µ woman's sand-coatÐ µd sÐ µlf-carÐ µss of hÐ µr facÐ µ. ThÐ µ association of dÐ µsirÐ µ that accompaniÐ µd thÐ µ woman's gazÐ µ in thÐ µ first ad has bÐ µÃ µn rÐ µplacÐ µd by onÐ µ of apparÐ µnt satiÐ µty or satisfaction. ThÐ µrÐ µ is a strong thÐ µorÐ µtical background bÐ µhind thÐ µsÐ µ thÐ µoriÐ µs ThÐ µ first sÐ µt of associations prÐ µsÐ µnts an ovÐ µrwhÐ µlming and rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd dÐ µsirÐ µ, ovÐ µrlaid with issuÐ µs of powÐ µr and disobÐ µdiÐ µncÐ µ. ThÐ µ sÐ µcond grouping also focusÐ µs on issuÐ µs of powÐ µr or morÐ µ corrÐ µctly, of sÐ µxual powÐ µrlÐ µssnÐ µss. ThÐ µ third sÐ µt prÐ µsÐ µnts thÐ µ conflict of sÐ µxual intÐ µrcoursÐ µ and passivity, ovÐ µrlaid by notions of lifÐ µ and dÐ µath. ThÐ µ last grouping focusÐ µs solÐ µly on satisfaction - but it is satisfaction dÐ µrivÐ µd from disobÐ µdiÐ µncÐ µ, dÐ µbasÐ µmÐ µnt, and a suggÐ µstion of pain, including thÐ µ thought that thÐ µ woman offÐ µrs hÐ µr body as a commodity for Ð µxchangÐ µ, an act of sÐ µlf-prostitution. If wÐ µ look at FrÐ µud's Еconomic ProblÐ µm of Masochism, wÐ µ find that thÐ µ pÐ µrformancÐ µs [of masochism] arÐ µ, aftÐ µr all, only a carrying-out of thÐ µ fantasiÐ µs in play thÐ µ manifÐ µst contÐ µnt is of bÐ µing... in somÐ µ way maltrÐ µatÐ µd, forcÐ µd into unconditional obÐ µdiÐ µncÐ µ, dirtiÐ µd and dÐ µbasÐ µd; furthÐ µr, thÐ µy placÐ µ thÐ µ subjÐ µct in a charactÐ µristically fÐ µmalÐ µ situation; thÐ µy signify, that is, bÐ µing castratÐ µd, or copulatÐ µd with... . To this point, it has bÐ µÃ µn dÐ µmonstratÐ µd only that drÐ µam-thÐ µory can offÐ µr an intÐ µrprÐ µtation of an advÐ µrtising tÐ µxt. Now thÐ µ following quÐ µstion must bÐ µ askÐ µd: Is thÐ µrÐ µ any mÐ µaningful association bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn this drÐ µam-informÐ µd rÐ µading and thÐ µ way thÐ µ advÐ µrtisÐ µmÐ µnt appÐ µals to its audiÐ µncÐ µ or Ð µvÐ µn its Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µnÐ µss at inducing purchasÐ µ? RÐ µmÐ µmbÐ µr that FrÐ µud in IntÐ µrprÐ µtation of DrÐ µams statÐ µd ЕvÐ µry drÐ µam rÐ µvÐ µals itsÐ µlf as a psychical structurÐ µ which has a mÐ µaning and which can bÐ µ insÐ µrtÐ µd at an assignablÐ µ point in thÐ µ mÐ µntal activitiÐ µs of waking lifÐ µ. If thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr of an ad is sÐ µÃ µn as acting in thÐ µ rolÐ µ of a drÐ µamÐ µr, will thÐ µ wish fulfillmÐ µnt Ð µmbÐ µddÐ µd in thÐ µ ad's disguisÐ µd drÐ µam thoughts havÐ µ a psychically activating Ð µffÐ µct? ThÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ possiblÐ µ answÐ µrs: If thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr is "hÐ µalthy," i.Ð µ., has no rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd wishÐ µs rÐ µgarding thÐ µ mattÐ µr, thÐ µ answÐ µr is no. If thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr doÐ µs havÐ µ rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd wishÐ µs about matÐ µrial, but thÐ µy arÐ µ so sÐ µvÐ µrÐ µly rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd as to bÐ µ inadmissiblÐ µ to consciousnÐ µss, thÐ µ ad will again is likÐ µly to havÐ µ no Ð µffÐ µct. HowÐ µvÐ µr, for thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr who possÐ µssÐ µs thÐ µ rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd wish at thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl of fantasy hÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µ havÐ µ a possibility that thÐ µ drÐ µam-matÐ µrial will awakÐ µn thÐ µ dormant wish and producÐ µ an action; spÐ µcifically, thÐ µ possibility of product purch asÐ µ as an Ð µxchangÐ µ of thÐ µ symptom for thÐ µ idÐ µas. In conclusion, if thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr of an ad is sÐ µÃ µn as acting in thÐ µ rolÐ µ of a drÐ µamÐ µr, will thÐ µ wish fulfillmÐ µnt Ð µmbÐ µddÐ µd in thÐ µ ad's disguisÐ µd drÐ µam thoughts havÐ µ a psychically activating Ð µffÐ µct? ThÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ possiblÐ µ trajÐ µctoriÐ µs: If thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr is hÐ µalthy, which is has no rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd wishÐ µs rÐ µgarding thÐ µ mattÐ µr, thÐ µ answÐ µr is no. If thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr doÐ µs havÐ µ rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd wishÐ µs about matÐ µrial, but thÐ µy arÐ µ so sÐ µvÐ µrÐ µly rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd as to bÐ µ inadmissiblÐ µ to consciousnÐ µss, thÐ µ ad will again is likÐ µly to havÐ µ no Ð µffÐ µct. HowÐ µvÐ µr, for thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr who possÐ µssÐ µs thÐ µ rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd wish at thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl of fantasy hÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µ havÐ µ a possibility that thÐ µ drÐ µam-matÐ µrial will awakÐ µn thÐ µ dormant wish and producÐ µ an action; spÐ µcifically, thÐ µ possibi lity of product purchasÐ µ as an Ð µxchangÐ µ of thÐ µ symptom for thÐ µ rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd idÐ µas.

Animals Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Animals Rights - Essay Example Though the animal owners make big claims regarding the proper and appropriate care of the speech creatures they have maintained in their supervision and custody, yet the available facts and figures aptly disregard these claims made in respect of apposite treatment of the animals. First and the foremost responsibility of the masters towards their animals is provision of sufficient food according to the tastes and requirements of their respective carnivorous and herbivorous animals. Nevertheless, one of the most frequent complaints made against the animal-keepers include the poor quality and lesser quantity of the food being offered by the owners. It is particularly the case with the beasts e.g. lions and tigers, which just rely upon meat in order to survive. Somehow, their masters often make complains regarding their problems while affording the meat in such a high quantity. But the question is this that if they are unable to provide the beasts with sufficient meat, should they have a ny reason to keep them hungry on ethical grounds. Since animals are physically far more powerful and energetic than humans, they certainly require more food in order to survive on the one side and for performing different activities on the other. It is therefore adequate quantity of food in necessary for keeping them healthy. Another prominent cruelty inflicted upon the animals is the attack made on their freedom and liberty. The animals have the right to move here and there without having any restrictions upon them. Somehow, some areas could be specified for their free movements so that they could not harm the humans. It has aptly been observed that most of the â€Å"owners keep the animals in chains; it is particularly the case with the beasts i.e.... This paper stresses that there are many steps to be taken for the safety, protection and well-being of the animals. The political authorities should impose complete banishment on the animal hunt, by laying special stress upon banning the hunting of rare animals. In addition, â€Å"complete and regular checks up of all the pets and beasts kept by their masters must be declared compulsory one from the governmental recognized veterinary hospitals and medical centers in order to assure their health, fitness and cleanliness†. This report makes a conclusion that it becomes evident that animals are the sign and symbol of the beauties, tenderness, delicacy and aesthetics of nature; in the same way they are equally representatives of the valor, strength, power and aggression maintained by nature. Nonetheless, â€Å"the animals are in an extremely vulnerable state of affairs in the residences, circuses, zoos and other commercial centers, where they are inflicted with various kinds of cruelties and atrocities†. The beasts are not the exception altogether, as they have to undergo electric shocks and severe tortures at the hands of their stone-hearted masters. There is an urgent need for the establishment of regularity authorities for the imposition of strict bans on the hunting, trading and torturing on the animals, as well as for the assurance of proper food and cleanliness of the speechless creature, so that the humanity could be escaped from the natural disasters and calamities come as the revenge agai nst the criminalities and offences against the hapless creatures.

An analytical understanding of the operational situation of Tesco Coursework

An analytical understanding of the operational situation of Tesco - Coursework Example Center of discussion in this paper is Tesco in United Kingdom that has transformed its business operation in order to gain hold of a larger market share in the retail market of the region. Furthermore the company with the help of its organisational structure and scientific way of operations has earned the potential in gaining a strong foothold in United Kingdom. The following paper conducts a thorough analysis of the above parameters and presents the situational advantages of Tesco amidst its various competitors operating in the United Kingdom market. The process of business transformation in the supermarket giant, Tesco operating in United Kingdom gains momentum through a clear cut planning activity aimed at providing value addition to the existing set of supply chain activities. Effective planning helped in rendering dynamism to the existing supply chain network of the concern and thereby also helped the company to operate across international borders. Moreover the business process of the company operating in the home market also went a huge transformation through the introduction of loyalty schemes and also through operating via the online sphere. Both these activities helped in the enhancement of brand awareness of the company in the regional markets and also in augmenting the brand equity for the concern. Tesco operating via the online sphere gained hold of a larger market share and through the loyalty card schemes gained a niche group of loyal consumers in every region. Business transformation in Tesco was not only brought about by bringing effective modifications in the supply chain mechanism but also through the modification brought about in the existing formats. Further the company also revised its business and distribution process through the opening up of several local stores in the different regions they focused to conduct business upon. Working on another set of business strategy in reducing the price of products sold while operating through a numb er of business outlets, Tesco aimed at gaining a larger pie of the consumer markets both in the home country and in the international zones. In the supply chain activities the company management worked in bring about close monitoring activities through introduction of periodical audits. Further the supplier groups were also called by the company management to be rendered training on issues like enhancement and sustenance of product quality

Managing Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Market - Essay Example It has also become increasingly important that companies evaluate their management structure and culture to ensure that they don't hinder a company's objectives and goals. Studies show that organization performance is highly affected by its management. Philip (1988) stresses this point when he points out that an organization management and marketing strategies defines the overall success of a company in a competitive market.( Philip, 1988) This paper will examine the general overview of the fuller's company, take a critical look on projection of company and also include a market analysing using various tools market research such as SWOT, PESTEL, 5 Forces, and Consumer Behaviour. The paper will then make a recommendation on areas for improvement and make a conclusion based on the findings. Fuller Smith & Turner PLC is a company engaged in brewing and retailing. The company business activities include fuller's Inns which consists company managed pubs, leased and tenanted pubs, and company's managed hotels. Other business consists of fuller's Beer Company that consists brewing and also distribution of spirits, wine and beer. Fuller has been brewing beer wine and spirits for more than 350 years, over the past the company has grown to become much strong in terms of market and production. The company has a high reputation currently in managing good pubs and brewing excellent beers like , London pride and Chiswick bitter have remained outstanding over the years claming many awards. In 2005 fuller company acquired Gales company, which was the biggest achievement of the company. The acquisition meant that the company had a total of 362 pubs under its control and another great beer brand in the name of HSB. The company has continued to invest and develop to ensure its market p osition in the industry. The company posted a pre-tax profit of 137.6 million sterling pounds in the first quarter of the 2007 quarter. The success of the company according to Michael Turner the Chief Executive of the company is based in investing in quality. The company is becoming an impressive operation, which incorporates managed and tenanted hotels, pubs and brewery at in London. The share capital stands at 68.1 million sterling pounds. (Fuller's, 2007) The company logo source; www.fullers.co.uk/ir/home SWOT Analysis Most companies, organizations and institutions today are using SWOT analysis as a strategic method/tool for evaluating their strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats with reference to strategic planning. SWOT analysis identifies the internal and external factors that determine the achievements a company has specified in its goals and objectives. First, it specifies the internal factors i.e. strengths and weaknesses of Fuller's company. Secondly, it categorizes the external factors that have been identified to boost or hinder the achievements of the company especially in terms of growth and expansion. These external factors are the opportunities and threats. (Lee and Carter, 2005) Strengths Strength of Fuller's is the image it has, market leadership, financial resources good customer care. Fuller's is among the biggest company in brewing and retailing business having subsidiaries in other foreign countries. It has more than 360 branches located in different countries around the world. They driving

What Is A Travel Agency Tourism Essay

What Is A Travel Agency Tourism Essay Travel agency  is a confidential  seller/  public service  that present  tourism related  services  to the  public  on behalf of  dealers  like hotel, package tour, railways, rentals car, airlines, sea ways, and airlines. addition to trading with regular  tourists  the majority agencies have a separate department committed to making travel arrangements for commercial travelers and a number of travel agencies focus in commercial travel only. There are also travel agencies that provide as  general sales agents  for overseas businesses, allowing them to have  branches in  regions and nations  other than where their head offices  are placed. Operation Agencys major role is to perform as a  representative. Promoting travel goods and services on behalf of a dealer. Therefore, similar to other retail industries, they dont have a  stock  in stores. A holiday pack or a ticket is not obtained from a dealer till a consumer desires that purchase. The holiday or ticket is providing to them at money off offer. The  revenue  is consequently the variation among the marketing cost which the consumer pays and the discounted cost at which it is offered to the agent. This is known as the  commission. In countless countries, all persons or companies that trade tickets are necessary to be licensed as a travel agent. Many British and American agencies license are based on these associations:-   (IATA) international transport association-  for who issue air tickets (ATOL)  air travel organizers licensing- for who order tickets    (ABTA)  associations of British travel agent or the   (ASTA) the American society of travel agent, for who trade package holidays on behalf of a tour company. Ticketing Reserve and distributing tickets is a most important function of the travel agency. It is necessary for travel agency workers to have familiarity or knowledge about Air travel in the worldwide as well as national segment. This knowledge undertakes a range of other features such as booking methods, class of travel, prohibited matter, special customers, passports, visas, travel directories, hotel guide. Supervisor or an worker have to know the variety of procedures linked to these Management tasks Similar to any other business if you have it in mind to set up and run a travel agency company efficiently you have to apply the management concepts and functions not only in scheduling but also in processing. The organization tasks in a travel agency are linked to the character of business process and the services provided. The key responsibility of travel agency is to supply the purchase of travel to the client at a suitable place. It is at these places that the travel agencies act as reservation representative for road or water transport, railways, hotels, package tours, airlines. They also offer convinced additional services such as, traveler cheque, procuring of visas, foreign exchange, travel insurance, airport transport, customer clearances, permits, etc. A travel agency also behaves like a travel advisor suggesting consultancy on ideas like: How to travel? When to travel and where? Where to stay or do shopping, etc.? Information about rules, policy, safety, etc. Such suggestions are possible only after identifying the clients requirements and attitudes. This part has to be completed neutrally by the travel agency in order to provide the best to the client. Travel agencies are divided in a range of ways. The differences can be based on their memberships such as International Air Transport Association (IATA), Pacific Area Travel Association (PATA), American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA), Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA), World Association of Travel Agents (WATA), Universal Federation of Travel Agents Association (UFTA) or Travel Agents Association of srilanka (TAASL). These recognitions can also be identified by the kind of trade or services they are providing. Acquiring Product familiarity or Knowledge If not a director acquires product knowledge or familiarity with products, it is hard to be successful in travel agency industry. This is exactly true because the majority of the travel agencies are small family businesses with proprietor performing as managers and use little workforce. The managers themselves must have a best product familiarity or knowledge in order to lead and direct their workforce. This is related for mutually, outbound as well as domestic travel. A travel agency workforce should have full familiarity or knowledge of- Destinations: Whether conditions, Political environment, Special events and community holidays, Customs, culture and cuisine of destination, Main attractions, Physical condition and other hazards, Money exchange rates, Travel policy regulations and documents, Lodging facilities, Airlines: Reservation system, Travel Route operations, Flight agenda, Charges, Types of airplanes, Services offered on board, Connecting flights, Airports: Timings, Amenities, Travel Agencies Product knowledge can be obtained From a variety of sources. It is equally Custom and safety regulations, Distances from city, Transportations: Connections or contacts Car rentals, A reservation method and procedures. Other Aspects: Package tours, Excursions, Principal Suppliers: Image and financial standing, Services offered, Quality of service, Commissions offered, Forming or setting up a travel agency To form a travel agency business has to make sure about following aspects: Monetary and Infrastructural requirement, Approval from concerned parties, Recognitions from major suppliers or dealers, Infrastructural and Financial or monetary Requirements Forming a new business in this subject the big capital requirements are less. Most require investment are for the following: Purchase of Suitable office space, Office furniture, Communication system and tools such as, computer, telecommunications Wages for the employees, Office equipment such as, document, files, tag, letterheads Before formulate the travel agency business a significant point to be think is the situated place of the agency or the position of agency. The majority of the travel agents have their offices in busy cities. Travel agents vie for business in the place where they are positioned. At the same time selecting on the position of your office, you should make sure that it is in the marketplace with close access to profitable business. Approvals from Concerned parties Travel agencies want some approvals for start and function the business such approvals are: Recognitions From the (IATA) International Air Transport Association is the global association of Scheduled Airlines. To apply for International Air Transport Association approval an application has to be presented by completing out the essential details, Forms, and sent to Sedentary, Agency Investigation, according to agency investigation below aspects will tartan- Capability to find and procure air traveler transportation Professional standing Financial or economy position Business building, location, etc Workforce experience A final inspection is held and the approval is provided by International Air Transport Association. Mainly it is important state here that all International Air Transport Association approved Agents obtain 9% commission on global air tickets and 6% on domestic air line tickets. Recognition and Licenses Travel agencies have to look for recognition or licensed from Department of Tourism, Travel agency association of srilanka(TAASL) Recognition from the major suppliers such as, the airlines, Banks and recognition by the dealing hotels. Civil aviation license registration  (according to Srilanka) Manager prefer the status of that company   Manager and two staffs with qualified diploma certificate authorized institute. (Have to face an interview to recognizes and get the permission) Original business registration certificate (BRC) True copy from share holders and shares details. If that company based on one person they will need company details and future achievement Section 51 form that ,the main one share holders original details including share percentage MEMBERSHIP PROCEDURE Membership Entrance Fee Rs. 20,000/- Membership Subscription for the ensuring year Rs. 10,000/- Total Rs. 30,000/- Needed Documents Registration Certificate issued by the Ceylon Tourist Board License Certificate to carry on Business as a Travel Agent issued by the Ceylon Tourist Board for the current financial year License Certificate to carry on Business issued by the Aviation Authority for the current year Certificate of Company Registration A letter confirming the authorized and paid up capital form the Auditors TRAVEL AGENTS ASSOCIATION OF SRI LANK APPLICATION FORM FOR MEMBERSHIP The Secretary Travel Agents Association of Sri Lanka COLOMBO Name of Company: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Address: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Business: State Nature of Tourist Activities: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Name / Designation of Contact Person: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Tel No: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Fax No: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Email Address: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Signature of Applicant: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I / We wish to apply for election as a member of the Travel Agents Association of Sri Lanka and I/We hereby agree to be bound by the Rules of the Association from time to time in force and by the decision of the General Committee. Signature of Applicant: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Services offered Tour packages(family travel, group travel, adventure travel, incentive travel ) Domestic and international tour packages hotel and resort lodging to air transportation car rental needs travel insurance security visa procedures Immunization procedures and other foreign travel requirements. Urgency toll-free phone numbers ticketing airline seating preference Smoking and non-smoking designation It all based on personal interests and budget concerns. License to carry on business as a travel agent C:UsersSingheDocumentsSri-Lanka-Tourism-Development-Authority-Licence-to-Carry-on-Business-as-Travel-Agent-2010.jpg

Frankenstein Relationships :: Essays Papers

Frankenstein Relationships Many stories have progressed enough to be the topic of conversation from time to time. The novel, Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus has different relationships to many other topics. The author of the story, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley who was born almost 200 years ago bringing with her the age of horror (Edison 5), used biographical strategies to write Frankenstein. Also, as time progressed, Frankenstein became a well-known story. It was turned into many different films that depicted the time period that it happened to be from. One final relationship that Frankenstein has happens to be the way that everyone can draw morals from the story, no matter what the reader’s age, or how the reader’s life has evolved. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley used biographical strategies to write her well-known novel. Frankenstein has plenty of tragedy included to form the storyline. Many women passed away throughout the entire novel. Perhaps the reason for these mishaps was because Shelley watched many women and children die all through her life. For instance, her mother died after giving birth to Shelley. Also, only one of Mary’s children survived infancy. Mary herself almost died after a miscarriage. Percy Shelley’s wife, Harriet, committed suicide. (Percy married Mary after his wife took her own life.) Shelley also demonstrated a bond between specifics such as names, dates and events. For example, the letters that form the narration of the novel were written to Margaret Walton Saville (Whose initials M.W.S are those of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley). These letters were written not only during the time that Mary was going through her third pregnancy, but also during the time when she was writing the novel itself. It appears that Mary tries to be a silent person in her story. Most of the important scenes revolve around her in some way. Certain dates had a large enough impact on Mary’s life that she integrated them into her novel. â€Å"Mellor discovered that the day and date on which Walton first sees the creature, Monday, 31 July, had coincided in 1797, the year in which Mary Shelley was born. This fact and other internal evidence led Mellor to conclude that the novel ends on 12 September 1797, two days after Mary Wollstonecraft’s death.