Theory, Space, Society Space And Its Influences On Both...

ï ¿ ¼GEO2313 - Theory, Space, Society 1 Candidate Number: 630012188 Using examples, critically evaluate the different roles that theoretical ideas can play in shaping research in human geography. In using Edward Said’s theory of orientalism as a reference point for analysis, this essay will explore the different ways in which an academic theory can shape geographical research, with a particular focus on the fields of imaginative geographies and postcolonial geographies. This inquiry will focus on Said’s (1978) seminal text â€Å"Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient† and its influences on both academic and social worlds since the twentieth century. D. Gregory’s interpretations and other studies of orientalism in contemporary culture will†¦show more content†¦Said claims that this practice of representation creates a hierarchical relationship between the ‘Orient’ and the ‘Occident’, with the ‘West’ establishing a cultural hegemony over the inferior ‘East’. Subsequently, orientalism is viewed as an epistemological device for guaranteeing Western control over the ‘Orientâ€⠄¢. In â€Å"Orientalism† Said (1978) outlines the two crucial operations of orientalist practices : firstly, the ‘Orient’ was constructed as a wild space that had to be normalised and disciplined via a forceful ‘Occident’ who had to project their perception of order and control over the ‘East’ (Gregory et al. 2009:513). Secondly, the ‘Orient’ was presented as an exotic and bizarre region; a â€Å"living tableau of queerness† and in complete contrast to ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ ï ¿ ¼GEO2313 - Theory, Space, Society 2 Candidate Number: 630012188 the ‘West’ (Said, 1978:103). According to Said, the Orient is the â€Å"cultural contestant, and one of its deepest and most recurring images of the Other† (1978:1). This essentialist distinction allows the ‘Orient’ to be seen as a mystical space which is always presented as ‘other’ in contrast to the normalised ‘West’. Orientalism can subsequently be seen as a system of cultural misrepresentation which is created to consolidate â€Å"European-Atlantic power over the Orient† (Said, 1978:6). The methods of binary logic imposed via orientalist practices is systematic to the logics ofShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Social Space1352 Words   |  6 Pagespositions within it. The occupants of these positions may be either agents or institutions and they are both constrained by the structure of the field (Ritzer, 2004). Economic capital, which relates the e conomy of the state, and cultural capital, which involves various kinds of acceptable knowledge are two principles of differentiation which determine social space classifications. Accordingly, social space is constructed in such a way that agents are distributed within it according to their position inRead MoreLearning Prompted By Language Creates An Optimal Space For Supporting Cognitive Development952 Words   |  4 Pageslanguage creates an optimal space for supporting cognitive development. As a result, learning takes on a social component, and the child can and will benefit from a group environment. Looking at it a step further, the social aspect explains why this learning theory is considered culturally comprehensive. When children take part in a learning activity, they benefit from the instruction and aid of others–be it teachers or peers. 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He went to college at University of Manitoba and Cambridge University and began his teaching career as a Professor of English at several universities in the U.S. and Canada. After that he moved to the University of Toronto where he would remain for the rest of his life. His brother, Maurice, was born two years later. Marshall was a family name: his maternal grand mother s surname. Both of his parentsRead MoreThe Body And Identity Of Afro Descendant Women1618 Words   |  7 Pagessex/gender, between different races, and between women and men from different races. Since these relations have been created and modified by the western/European world, they have also been influenced by the theories of race and mestizaje that also affected the portrayals of colonized women, defining beauty as a standard that expressed both desirability and racial superiority. This establishment of beauty standards, however, adapted to be able to consider colonized women as desirable in a sexual wayRead MoreGender Identity1341 Words   |  6 Pagesgender identity is influenced by both the biological nature of a person and society, but the biology is the foundation of our gender identity. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the interaction between hormones and behavior, and how these interactions affect the determination of gender identity, the roles of biological factors nature and environmental influences, nurture on sexual differentiation and gender identity and which has the greater influence on gender identity: nature or nurtureRead MoreRacism And Aversive Racism1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe term ‘aversive racism’ seeks to encompass the nuanced and profound experiences of prejudice faced by racialized peoples in societies whose values do not accommodate explicit discrimination based on race. This form of â€Å"subtle racism †, which in the words of Donald Glover in â€Å"Hold You Down†, you’d only understand through lived experience, is but one facet of a larger social problem: anti-black racism (Glover 2011). Personal understandings and experiences of aversive and explicit racism, detailed in

Developmental Psychologist Erik Erikson s Stages Of...

Developmental psychologist Erik Erikson changed the way that people viewed the psychosocial development in humans throughout their lifespan. Using the foundation provided by Freud’s psychosexual stages, he modified the concepts to where they demonstrated external impacts on development as well as making it more about emotional conflicts than necessarily physical drives. This eight-stage theory is sequential, and requires the person to overcome conflicts in each stage to become a productive member of society (https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/human-development-14/theories-of-human-development-70/erikson-s-stages-of-psychosocial-development-269-12804/). These stages are: trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus role confusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, and integrity versus despair. Starting from birth, a human begins their journey into forming their personality. The foundation begins with trust versus mistrust. From birth, a baby needs immediate care in order to be safe and secure in their brand new environment. Up to around one years old, this stage emphasizes the importance of a caregiver to be consistent and reliable in providing for the needs of the infant. That way, the child will develop a sense of security in trust in the unknown world to which they have recently been exposed toShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Stages Of Development1608 Words   |  7 Pages The Psychosocial Development The View on Erik H. Erikson s Stages of Development Frank Phan Cosumnes River College Psychology 300 Abstract This paper will touch over the aspects of Erik H Erickson s eight stages and how they affect everyday lives from infancy to adulthood. The paper will go over the approximate ages and the psychosocial crisis that they will eventually come to. 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Organizational Commitment and Communication Free Essays

The American Red Cross is an organization that helps prevent human suffering during events that leads the human society while in emergency crisis. The American Red Cross has the ability to mobilize the power of volunteers as well as the generosity of donors. The reader will be given a brief description on how different leadership styles affects the group communication within the American Red Cross. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Commitment and Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reader will also be given an analysis of the different sources of power found in the organization and how will these affect the organization communication. It is imperative that the reader also understands how the American Red Cross identifies the motivational theories that will be most effective in different cultures. Finally, a description of the commitment of the workforce to the organization and their relationship to the organizations communication will be provided. Leadership Styles and Effects At the American Red Cross there are several leadership styles that are being used. â€Å"Leader’s establish direction by developing a vision of the future; then they align people by communicating this vision and inspiring them to overcome hurdles† (Robbins Judge, 2011. Some of the main leadership styles that affects the American Red Cross are the transactional, charismatic, and transformational. The transformational leadership is the most common style for The American Red Cross. â€Å"Transformational leaders inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests for the good of the organization and are capable of having a p rofound and extraordinary effect on their followers† (Robbins Judge, 2011. ) Transformational leaders tend to have more passion in everything that they do. The first step as a leader is to have a mission and a vision. Transformational leaders motivate the performance of the followers as well as understanding their strengths and weaknesses so that the leader may align the followers with tasks that will boost their performance. It is important to be a role model to the followers as this action will inspire them and make them more interested while challenging them to take a greater ownership for their work. A charismatic leader will ensure to pay attention to every person making that person feel important. At this time they are scanning the individuals to pick up their moods and their concerns. At this time the charismatic leader will be able to improve their actions and words to suit the situation. Finally, the transactional leadership plays the role in The American Red Cross as the supervisor of the organization. Every organization has to have a chain of command as well as motivation through rewards and punishments. The transactional leader is the leader that holds the followers to rules, procedures, and standards. Sources of Power There are different types of power within The American Red Cross organization. Power is seen as the ability to implementing control over an individual or a group. While everyone has power, each individual possess and utilize power in a way that it will benefit their organization’s needs. Coercive power is the power that is able to punish those who do not follow orders as requested by the leader. On the other hand using coercive power may also be used to influence the decision of that is being made by taking something away as a punishment if he or she does not follow a request that has been made. The American Red Cross uses the coercive power to ensure that their followers follow their rules and guidelines that they have in place. Expert power is the power that shows the person’s knowledge or specialized skills. Individuals will gain more power by showing a greater knowledge of the task that will be performed. The expertise power is a power that should be taken care of to make sure that the leader maintains its credibility. Also it is important to avoid any threatening of the self-esteem of subordinates to ensure any dislikes from team members against the leader creating unhappy team members. Legitimate power is the power that the leader will have when the employees believe that any orders coming from the leader is because of the leader’s position within the organization and they should be followed as requested. This power is developed through time. Communication in Relation to Motivational Theory At the American Red Cross, there are two types of motivational theories which are applied to the organization. The motivational theories are the expectancy theory and the cognitive evaluation theory. The expectancy is the proposal to a person to behave in a certain way by persuading them to select a specific behavior over others to ensure the expected results. On the other hand cognitive evaluation theory is a theory that is designed to clarify the effects of consequences. These are ways that are used to persuade individuals through awards to control desirable behavior. Workforce Commitment The American Red Cross and commitment goes hand in hand. As commitment to the individuals that they help is one of the most powerful ways that they can use to motivate the volunteer helpers to accomplish their tasks and reach the designated goal. It is imperative to at least give a pat on the back to let the individuals know that they are doing a good job and motivating them to continue to work. Being positive and providing the employees or volunteers with positive feedback can help the organization go along ways? As the mission statement of the American Red Cross states, â€Å"The American Red Cross empowers ordinary people to perform extraordinary acts of service. † (American National Red Cross, 2013) The American Red Cross has been a successful organization that will use the power of volunteers to help those that are in need. The transactional, charismatic, and transformational leadership’s styles have an effect on the group communication of the American Red Cross. The leadership styles and the sources of power work hand in hand to ensure that the organization is meeting all of their goals as well as ensuring that the volunteers are on tasks and in a good working environment. The motivational theories are just a way to ensure that the volunteers and employees are committed to the workforce. The American Red Cross is a well-established organization and as long as they follow all of the above this organization will continue to be very successful in anything that they set their minds to do. How to cite Organizational Commitment and Communication, Papers

The Published Job Market And The Hidden Job Market

Question: What is the difference between the published job market and the hidden job market? What techniques would you usually use to access the published job market? What techniques would you use to access the hidden job market? Answer: The difference between the published job market and the hidden job market is that the published job markets are the ones that are advertized in magazines, newspapers and web sites (Hopkins, 2012). Whereas, the hidden job market are the ones that are sourced internally and are not needed immediately. The techniques that would be used to access the published job market include searching professional publications and company websites. The techniques used for for accessing the hidden job market include searching for general news media and trade publications (Warren et al., 2015). References Hopkins, E. (2012). Job market signaling of relative position, or Becker married to Spence.Journal of the European Economic Association,10(2), 290-322. Warren, L. A., Patel, T. Y., Layman, M. S., Patel, M. Y. (2015). The job market of the future: how will the recent change in boards influence the job market for new graduates?.Journal of the American College of Radiology,12(2), 206-207.